Gift of the Heart - Giving in Buddhism
Examining traditions of giving in Buddhism, Priyananda finds that
charity begins in our heart and it is intrinsic to the path of
freedom
It’s
the end of a wet June evening and I’m at the end of my tether.
I’m trudging the streets fundraising door-to-door for the
Karuna Trust’s projects in India. This is the fourth night
that I’ve had no results, and I keep thinking, ‘Why
can’t the southern English just say “No, I’m
not interested”, instead of going around the houses?!’.
Almost before I can see the man standing in his newly papered
hallway, I blurt out, ‘Have you had a chance to ... ?’
I don’t have a chance to finish. ‘Oh yes, we read
it,’ he says. ‘We like what you’re doing. We’ll
do a covenant. Come in’. Ten minutes later they’re
back to putting the baby to bed and I’m out on the street
once more and wondering about the magic of fundraising. Why do
some people want to give to others who live thousands of miles
distant, and at as great a cultural distance? And why is it that
nearly all donors I sign up conclude by thanking me? Somehow
I can’t get away from the truth that the giving has been
two-way.
If
I have any experience of the Buddhist perspective on giving it
is the ‘door knocking feeling’ that many Karuna volunteers
have come to appreciate. The experience tells me that giving and
receiving are not fixed states. It is not simply that one person
gives and the other receives. Buddhism teaches that we exist in
a vast network of life, so we are continuously receiving the generosity
of other people. This means we can choose to orient ourselves
more and more towards others, developing loving-kindness for them
and learning to give in all ways to all beings. This is the traditional
view and the exhortation to practice. But there seems to be a
discrepancy between the altruistic ideal and its expression through
giving and volunteering. What is the tradition and why does this
discrepancy exist?
The
tradition of giving
When
they begin to explore Buddhism, most people are struck by how
ubiquitous is the practice of generosity. Activities in the Buddhist
centre I am familiar with are funded mostly through dana
(generosity) rather than from some wealthy central office, or
through fees and tithes. Dana is a universal virtue, the
typical example being that of the monastic community and its dependence
on the lay community, reciprocated by the monks giving instruction
and guidance.
Starting
with the Buddha, the tradition has always emphasised that an open-handed
and open-hearted orientation to life is essential if one is to
make spiritual progress. It is no accident that dana is
frequently given first in the systems of practice; it is emphasised
by all schools, and precise instructions are given in how to become
increasingly generous. The natural human tendency is to take,
to draw to oneself, so we must reverse this deliberately. If we
want to grow towards Enlightenment, the goal of Buddhism, we are
instructed to enter into others’ lives sympathetically,
to imaginatively identify with their pleasures and pains.
Giving
by word and deed is a practical expression of this sympathy. Gifts
are whatever is most needed by a particular person, and range
from the simplest material things (food, clothing, shelter) to
those that demand more of the donor, such as helpful communication,
education, or even one’s life. Subtler and ultimately more
valuable gifts include the gift of fearlessness, or of the Buddha’s
teaching itself.
The
tradition recognises that there is a range of motivations in our
giving, from the transactional (when I get something in return)
to the transcendent (when giving means overcoming selfishness).
Each has validity but the mental and emotional state from which
we act is of supreme importance. Buddhism prompts us to ask, ‘What
is my motivation? What is the state of mind and heart that underlies
my giving?’ We need to examine our motives and seek to purify
them. In the final analysis we’re asked to give up attachment
to everything, including attachment to our virtues, even to the
idea that ‘I am a generous person’. In other words,
it is not enough to give external things, material or immaterial.
As the writer Walt Whitman put it:
‘Behold,
I do not give lectures or a little charity,
When I give I give myself.’
Through
door-to-door fundraising I have experienced this practice of generosity
for myself, in however limited a way. If I attempt to go beyond
myself and develop the generous impulse in my own heart, this
sparks the generosity of others. This experience is not the exclusive
domain of Buddhists. To develop our generous impulses at deeper
levels and in wider circles is to realise our humanity.
Discrepancies
Examples
of humanitarian giving abound in the history of the Buddhist community
in Asia. Wherever Buddhism spread, the Sangha of monks, nuns and
lay-people was responsible for the establishment of schools, hospitals
and other institutions. Up until the modern era, Buddhism was
a vigorous agent for social good in communities across Asia, and
Buddhists today attempt to align themselves with the altruistic
practice that vivified these cultures.
Unfortunately,
despite the ideal, when we look at the activities of Buddhist
communities in the world today, we’ll probably not be impressed
by the scope of humanitarian activity, in comparison to that of
the Christian churches, for example. Buddhists throughout the
world are involved in their communities, and are active socially
and politically; there are some remarkable examples of Buddhist
social activism and humanitarian giving. The prevailing perception
of Buddhism, however, is of a religion that encourages withdrawal
from the world, that teaches that suffering (whether one’s
own or others’) is to be transcended and not alleviated.
And this perception often seems to be reflected in a lack of activity
on the part of Buddhists worldwide to alleviate suffering. The
Sangha , both monastic and the lay, in most Asian Buddhist societies
is often mainly concerned with maintaining the status quo and
this usually means the status unjust and unequal.
This
discrepancy has both economic and social dimensions: most Asia
Buddhist communities have been, until relatively recently, not
only impoverished but also ineffectual in addressing the causes
of poverty. One needs only to examine recent world history to
see at least some of the reasons for this.
Buddhism
in Asia in the past two centuries has been in decline, partly
through internal ossification, partly through the attack of external
forces the most powerful being Marxist totalitarianism
and capitalism. In the past 50 years the portion of the human
race influenced by Buddhism has shrunk dramatically. Where there
were once flourishing societies based on Buddhist values, today
we generally find communities either colluding with or in retreat
from the forces that threaten those very values.
In
its homelands, Buddhism is no longer the force for social cohesion
and for humanitarian activity that once it was. As the western
Buddhist writer Stephen Batchelor puts it: ‘Neither Marco
Polo nor the Jesuits in Japan [in the 16th century]
would for a moment have perceived Buddhism as an ineffectual,
otherworldly religion. But when Europeans came to “construct”
Buddhism during the heyday of colonialism, it was no longer the
force it had been. This was in part due to the isolationist and
defensive policies adopted by many Asian countries in response
to the military, technological and economic superiority of the
West. These policies (which in most cases were strongly supported
by Buddhist leaders) tended to make Buddhism conservative, introverted
and increasingly powerless as a force for change.’
May
all beings be happy and secure, may their hearts be wholesome!
Whatever living beings there be; feeble or strong, stout
or medium, short or tall, without exception; seen or unseen,
those dwelling far or near, those who are born and those
who are yet to be born, may all beings be happy! Let none
deceive another, not despise any person whatsoever in any
place. Let him not wish any harm on another out of anger
or ill will. Just as a mother would protect her only child
at the risk of her own life, even so let him cultivate a
boundless heart towards all beings.
From
the Metta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 1.8
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Karma
misrepresented
A
doctrinal misunderstanding often compromises humanitarian giving
in Buddhist communities, and this is the most important cause
of the discrepancy between the ideal and the reality of Buddhist
altruistic activity. This is a view of the Buddhist teachings
on karma and rebirth, which leads to the belief that all
you are and everything that happensto you is a result of your
actions, whether in this life or in previous ones. I was myself
told by a Buddhist teacher that if a child is born in a war zone,
that misfortune is its own fault. Actions in a previous life have
borne fruit in the conditions of the child’s birth. Many
Buddhists share this view, East and West; and it leads to an extreme
form of fatalism.
There
is an alternative Buddhist position, however, that is both more
sophisticated and more compassionate: what I am and what happens
to me in this life comes out of a complexity of cause-effect processes,
from the simple physical or biological to the volitional and ethical.
What I do, my willed actions and their result (known as
karma and karma-vipaka), form only a part of this
greater whole. So it may be that a particular event in my life
is the result of karma, but not necessarily.
Whatever
conditions we are born into we are still human, and subject to
the opportunities and frailties of the human state. An important
corollary follows from this: not only am I not fated to live out
a particular destiny, but also it follows that I can alter my
destiny. I can change and the conditions in my world can change.
Both
the traditional Buddhists in Asia and the ‘new Buddhists’
in the West are beginning to find new and radical expressions
of the altruistic dimension in their tradition. Taken collectively
they amount to the beginnings of a renaissance: the peace activism
of Thai Buddhists, the heroic work of Aung San Suu Kyi and her
followers in Burma, the Sarvodaya movement in Sri Lanka, the movement
of social uplift inaugurated in India by Dr Ambedkar, and the
Dalai Lama’s stance on Tibet. To develop these new expressions,
to make them more effective and to mobilise more resources and
support from their own communities and from the wider non-Buddhist
world Buddhists need honestly to examine their outlook
and how it may be distorted by the fatalistic misunderstanding
outlined. They also need to look increasingly to institutions
outside the Buddhist community for examples of best practice,
for funds, resources and organisational models. And there will
need to be more pan-Buddhist cooperation, more linking up for
humanitarian giving at national and international levels.
If
living beings knew the fruit and final reward of generosity
and the distribution of gifts, as I know them, then they
would not eat their food without giving to others and sharing
with others, even if it were their last morsel and mouthful.
If they should meet a person who is worthy of receiving
a gift, selfishness would not abide in their hearts.
Avadana
Jataka
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The
Karuna Trust
Since
1981 the Karuna Trust UK has funded projects run by members of
a new and rapidly growing grouping of Buddhists in India, recently
converted to Buddhism and drawn mostly from the Dalit community
(once known as ‘untouchables’). Their conversion was
inspired by the example of Dr BR Ambedkar, himself born into untouchability,
who worked throughout his life for his people, becoming independent
India’s first law minister and the architect of her constitution.
At the end of his life he turned to Buddhism and encouraged his
followers to do the same as a way to escape ‘the hell of
caste’.
Despite
the outlawing of untouchability and the increase in wealth in
some sections of Indian society, the vast majority of Dalits,
numbering over 150 million, still live below the poverty line.
It is to these people that Karuna largely directs its care through
its chief partner, the NGO Bahujan Hitay (which means ‘For
the welfare of the many’). It was founded in Maharashtra
but is now active in seven other Indian states. Although the staff
of Bahujan Hitay are recruited from the new Buddhist community,
its social activities reach out to all people afflicted by discrimination
and poverty. The root causes of these ills are addressed mainly
through educational and health projects.
Merit
grows for one who gives; No enmity builds up for one restrained;
One skilled abandons evil deeds; With greed, hate and delusion
exhausted, One attains release, final Nirvana.
Udana
8.5
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from - www.DharmaLife.com
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